HISTORY OF SCOTLAND.
EDINBURGH :
PRINTED BY BALLANTYNE AND COMPANY,
PAUL’S WORK.
THE
HISTORY OF SCOTLAND
FROM THE
ACCESSION OF ALEXANDER III. TO THE UNION.
BY
PATRICK FRASER TYTLER,
F.R.S.E. & F.A.S.
IN FOUR VOLUMES.
VOL. I.
EDINBURGH:
WILLIAM P. NIMMO,
1864 |
 |
[BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF PATRICK FRASER TYTLER]
CONTENTS OF VOL. I.
CHAP. I.
ALEXANDER THE THIRD.
1149-1292.
Accession of Alexander III. ... 1
State of the Kingdom . . . .1-3
Coronation......3
The King’s Marriage .... 4
Jealousy of English Influence . . 5
Change of Counsellors .... 6
Visit of Alexander and his Queen to Eng
land .......7
The English faction put down by the
Comyns......7
Unhappy State of the Country . . 8
Second Visit of Alexander and his Queen
to the English Court .... 9
R Birth of the Princess Margaret at Windsor 9
Jealousies between Alexander and Haco,
king of Norway.....9
Haco invades Scotland .... 10
Details of the Norwegian Expedition 11-14
Distress of the Norwegian fleet . . 14
Battle of Largs, and defeat of the Nor
wegians ..... 15-16
Death of King Haco in Orkney . . 17
Birth of a Scottish Prince ... 18
Submission of Man and the Western
Isles, and settlement of the quarrel
with Norway.....18
Demands of Fieschi, the Papal Legate,
on the Scottish clergy, and their spi
rited resistance.....19
Marriage of Robert de Bruce, father of
King Robert Bruce, to Marjory, coun
tess of Carrick.....19
Death of Henry III. of England, and
accession of Edward I. ... 20
Alexander III. and his Queen attend the
Coronation of Edward ... 20
Alexander deputes the Earl of Carrick
to perform homage to Edward in his
name, for the lands which he holds of
him.......21
Marriage of Princess Margaret of Scot
land to Eric, king of Norway . . 21
Marriage of the Prince Royal of Scotland 22
Death of the Prince Royal, and his sister,
Margaret, queen of Norway . . 22
Settlement of the succession, and second
marriage of Alexander III. . . 22
page
Death of Alexander III. . . .22
Reflections on his reign . . . 23-24
Accession of Margaret, the granddaugh
ter of Alexander III., and appoint
ment of a Regency .... 24
Precarious state of the kingdom . . 24
Projects of Edward .... 24
Convention of Bruce, the Competitor,
and his friends, at Turnberry . . 25
Eric, king of Norway, sends Plenipoten
tiaries to treat with Edward . . 26
Conferences at Salisbury . . 26-27
Meeting of the Scottish Estates at Brig-
ham .......28
Articles of the Treaty of Brigham . 28-29
Edward demands the delivery of the
Scottish castles, and is refused . . 29
Death of the Maiden of Norway . . 30
Troubled state of the kingdom . . 30
Edward’s measures .... 30
Conference at Norham .... 31
Ed ward’s claim as Lord Paramount . 31
The Competitors for the Crown assemble
at Norham, and recognise Edward as
Superior......32
Proceedings at Norham . . 32-34
Edward’s progress through Scotland . 34
He meets the Competitors at Berwick . 34
Arguments of Bruce, and of Baliol 35-37
Edward decides in favour of Baliol . 37
Baliol’s Coronation .... 38
He swears homage to Edward . . 38
CHAP. II.
JOHN BALIOL.
1292-1305.
Edward treats Baliol with harshness . 39
Baliol's subjection..... 39
Summoned to England .... 40
His reply...... 40
Parliament at Scone .... 41
Baliol confined by the Scots, and a Re
gency appointed..... 42
Treaty with France, and War with Eng
land ....... 42
Edward invades Scotland 42
Siege and sack of Berwick . . .43
Baliol’s renunciation of his homage . 44
viii CONTENTS.
PAGE
Defence of Dunbar by Black Agnes , 44
Defeat of the Scots at Dunbar . . 45
Edward’s continued success ... 45
Baliol’s feudal penance .... 46
He is sent with his son to the Tower . 46
INTERREGNUM.
Edward’s Progress through Scotland . 46
Carries the stone of Scone, and the Scot
tish Regalia, to Westminster . . 46
Holds his Parliament at Berwick . . 47
Settlement of Scotland .... 47
Hatred against the English ... 48
Rise of William Wallace ... 48
His first exploits..... 49
He is joined by Sir William Douglas . 49
Surprises and routs Ormesby, the Eng
lish Justiciary..... 49
Wallace joined by the Steward of Scot
land, and other barons ... 50
Inconsistent conduct of Bruce . . 50
Henry Percy invades Scotland . , 51
Convention at Irvine .... 51
Wallace’s successes .... 52
Critical position of the English army . 53
Battle of Stirling, and defeat of the Eng-
lish....... 54
Surrender of Dundee to Wallace . . 55
He occupies Berwick .... 55
Wallace invades England . . 50-57
Lord Robert Clifford invades Annandale 57
Wallace chosen Governor of Scotland . 58
Edward’s decided measures ... 59
Earl of Surrey advances to Roxburgh . 59
Edward invades Scotland ... 60
Difficulties of Wallace .... 60
Edward advances to Templeliston, now
Kirkliston...... 61
Critical situation of the English army . 62
Treachery of the Earls of Dunbar and
Angus...... 62
Position of the two armies ... 63
Defeat of the Scots at Falkirk . . 64
Edward’s Progress after the battle . 65
Retreats to Carlisle .... 65
Wallace resigns the office of Governor . 66
A Regency appointed .... 66
The King of France’s efforts to bring
about peace..... 67
Baliol retires to France . . 68
Edward assembles an army ... 68
The Scottish Regents become masters of
Stirling...... 69
Edward invades Scotland ... 69
His difficulties..... 69
A Truce....... 70
The Pope claims Scotland as belonging
to the Church of Rome . . 70-71
Edward’s indignation .... 71
Parliament at Lincoln .... 72
Letter of the barons and community of
England to the Pope .... 72
Edward invades Scotland ... 73
The Scots deserted by the Pope and by
Philip....... 74
English defeated at Roslin ... 75
Ungenerous conduct of Philip . . 75
Distresses of the Scots .... 76
Edward invades Scotland ... 76
His desolating progress and success . 77
Submission of Comyn the Governor . 78
PAGE
Wallace retreats into the mountains . 78
Siege and reduction of Stirling castle 79-81
Edward’s severity..... 81
Wallace betrayed by Sir John Menteith 81
His trial and execution .... 82
Settlement of Scotland by Edward . 83
CHAP. III.
ROBERT BRUCE.
1305-1314.
Early character of Bruce ... 83
His great estates and connexions . . 83
Rivalry with the Comyns ... 85
Is in favour with Edward I. . . .86
Relative situation of Bruce and Comyn 86
Agreement between Bruce and Comyn . 86
Comyn betrays the design 86
Comyn slain by Bruce and Kirkpatrick 87
Critical situation of Bruce ... 88
He openly asserts his right to the Crown 88
He is crowned at Scone .... 89
Measures taken by Edward ... 90
He proceeds to Carlisle . . . .91
Bruce defeated at Methven ... 91
Bruce and his friends driven into the
mountains...... 92
Attacked by the Lord of Lorn . . 92
Sends his Queen to Kildrummie castle . 93
Bruce takes refuge in Rachrin . . 93
Edward’s severity..... 93
Cruel imprisonment of the Countess of
Buchan...... 94
Execution of Nigel Bruce, Christopher
de Seton, the Earl of Athole, and Sir
Simon Fraser..... 95
Bruce and his adherents excommuni
cated ....... 96
Bruce in Arran..... 96
He passes over to Carrick and attacks
Lord Percy...... 97
Sir James Douglas storms Douglas castle 97
Execution of Thomas and Alexander
Bruce....... 98
Bruce attacked by John of Lorn and
Lord Pembroke..... 99
Bruce defeats Pembroke at Loudon Hill 100
He defeats the Earl of Gloucester . . 101
Death of Edward 1...... 101
Bruce, and Edward Bruce, invade Gal
loway ....... 101
Edward II. appoints the Earl of Rich
mond Governor of Scotland . . 102
He attacks Bruce, who retreats to the
north of Scotland . . . .102
Bruce’s dangerous sickness . . . 102
He defeats the Earl of Buchan at In
verury....... 102
Continued success of Bruce . . . 103
Indecision of Edward II. . . . 103
Edward Bruce reduces Galloway . . 104
Successes of Sir James Douglas . . 105
Randolph taken prisoner by Douglas . 105
Interview between Randolph and Bruce 105
Bruce defeats the Lord of Lorn at Loch
Awe....... 106
Fluctuating policy of Edward II. . . 106
Meeting of the Scottish Estates at
Dundee...... 107
CONTENTS. ix
PAGE
Its important proceedings in favour of
Bruce....... 107
Edward II. invades Scotland . . 107
Bruce ravages the bishopric of Durham 108
He takes Perth..... 109
Bruce invades England .... 110
Unsuccessful assault of Carlisle . . 110
His successes in Scotland . . .111
Castle of Linlithgow taken by Binny . 111
Roxburgh castle taken by Sir James
Douglas...... 111
Edinburgh castle taken by Randolph . 112
Bruce reduces the Isle of Man . . 113
Edward Bruce lays siege to Stirling
castle....... 113
His imprudent treaty .... 113
Edward II. makes great preparations to
relieve Stirling..... 114
Bruce assembles his army . . . 115
Its numbers and position . . . 115
The advance of the English . . . 116
Conflict between Randolph and Clifford 116
Personal conflict between Bruce and Sir
Henry de Boune..... 117
Clifford defeated..... 117
Bruce addresses his troops . . . 118
Circumstances before the battle . . 118
Battle of Bannockburn, and total de
feat of the English . . . 119-121
Edward flees to Dunbar .... 122
Courtesy of Bruce..... 122
Reflections upon the battle . . . 123
CHAP. IV.
ROBERT BRUCE.
1314-1329.
Douglas and Edward Bruce invade Eng
land ....... 124
Unsuccessful negotiations for peace . 125
Famine in England and Scotland . . 125
A Scottish force ravages Northumber
land ....... 125
Acts regarding the succession to the
Crown....... 126
Marriage of Marjory Bruce to Walter
the High Steward . . . .126
Invasion of Ireland by Edward Bruce . 126
He is crowned King of Ireland . . 127
Defeated and slain..... 127
Expedition of Bruce against the Western
Isles....... 128
Imprisonment of John of Lorn . . 128
Birth of Robert II..... 129
Death of the Princess Marjory . . 129
The Scots attack Wales . . . .129
Bruce invades Yorkshire . . . 129
Exploit of Sir James Douglas . . 129
The Bishop of Dunkeld repulses the
English at Donibristle . . . 130
Interference of the Pope . . . 130
Mission of the Papal Nuncios into Scot
land ....... 130
Their interview with Bruce . . . 131
Mission of Adam Newton into Scotland 133
Bruce refuses to receive him or his
letters....... 133
Siege of Berwick..... 133
The town and castle taken by Bruce . 134
PAGE
Walter, the High Steward, made Gover
nor of Berwick..... 135
Bruce excommunicated by the Cardinal
Legates...... 135
Parliament at Scone .... 135
Measures regarding the succession . 135
Other enactments..... 136
Berwick besieged by Edward II. . . 136
He is defeated and repulsed . . . 138
English defeated at Mitton . . .139
A truce for two years .... 140
Letter from the Scottish nobles to the
Pope....... 140
Conspiracy against Bruce . . . 142
Edward II. invades Scotland . . 143
Judicious policy of Bruce . . . 143
Retreat and loss of the English . . 144
Defeat of Edward II. at Biland Abbey . 145
Truce of thirteen years .... 146
Bruce ratifies it as King of Scotland—to
which Edward consents . . . 146
Mission of Randolph to the Papal court 146
A son, afterwards David II., born to
Bruce....... 146
Abortive negotiations for peace with
England...... 147
Treaty of alliance with France . . 147
Accession of Edward III. to the throne
of England...... 148
His great preparations against Scot
land ....... 148
Bruce attacked by sickness . . . 148
Randolph and Douglas invade England 149
Edward advances against them to Dur
ham ....... 149
Particulars of this expedition . . 149
Distress of the English army . . . 150
Superior skill and tactics of the Scottish
leaders...... 151
Exploit of Sir James Douglas . . 152
Strong position of the Scots on the Wear 152
Their skilful retreat . . . .153
Distress of the English army . . . 153
Anxiety of the English government for
peace....... 153
Bruce invades England in person . . 154
Arrival of English commissioners in his
camp....... 154
Negotiations for peace .... 154
Edward agrees to acknowledge Bruce as
King, and to renounce all claim of
superiority over Scotland . . . 154
Peace of Northampton .... 155
Particulars of the treaty . . . 155
Reflections...... 156
Marriage of the Princess Joanna of Eng
land to the Prince Royal of Scotland . 157
Death of Robert Bruce .... 157
His last advice and counsel . . . 157
Reflections on his character . . . 159
Discovery of his body .... 160
CHAP. V.
DAVID THE SECOND.
1329-1346.
Situation of Scotland on the death of
King Robert Bruce . . . .160
Character of Edward III. . . .160
x CONTENTS.
PAGE
Dangers from the ambition of Edward
Baliol.......161
Regency of Randolph .... 161
Expedition of Sir James Douglas to the
Holy Land, with the heart of Bruce . 161
Coronation of David II. ... 163
Threatening aspect of affairs in Scotland 163
Conspiracy of Henry Beaumont, and the
disinherited barons, against the go
vernment ......163
They combine with Edward Baliol . 163
Death of the Regent Randolph . . 164
The Earl of Mar chosen Regent . . 164
Invasion of Scotland by the disinherited
barons.......164
They land at Kinghorn, and advance to
Perth.......164
Perilous situation of Baliol and Beau
mont .......165
Treacherous conduct of Murray of Tulli-
bardine......165
Surprise of the Scots at Dupplin Moor . 165
Brave conduct and death of young Ran
dolph, earl of Moray .... 165
Military incapacity of the Earl of Mar,
and great loss of the Scots . . . 166
Baliol occupies Perth .... 166
Treacherous conduct of the Earl of
March, and accession of this baron to
the English party .... 166
Coronation of Baliol .... 167
Causes of this revolution . . . 167
The friends of David Bruce resume hos
tilities, and storm Perth . . . 168
Baliol acknowledges Edward as his feu
dal lord, and resigns the liberties of
the kingdom.....168
The Earl of Moray suddenly attacks him
at Annan, and drives him out of the
kingdom......169
The English King accuses the Scots of
having broken the treaty of North
ampton ......169
The Border inroads recommence with
great fury......169
Capture of the Knight of Liddesdale . 169
Of the Regent, Sir Andrew Moray . 170
Election of Archibald Douglas to the
Regency......170
Edward III. invades Scotland in person,
and commences the siege of Berwick 170
Its brave defence by Sir Alexander Seton 170
Thomas Seton, the son of the Scottish
governor, is hanged .... 171
The citizens compel Seton to negotiate
with the English King . . . 171
Sir William Keith chosen governor, and
Seton deposed.....171
Interview between Keith and Archibald
Douglas, the Scottish regent . . 171
He persuades him to hazard a battle for
the relief of Berwick . . . .171
Imprudence of this resolution . . 171
The Scots cross the Tweed, and encamp
at Dunse Park—the English occupy
the eminence of Halidon Hill—order
of battle......172
Battle of Halidon Hill . . . .172
Great defeat sustained by the Scots . 173
Conduct of Edward III.....174
Impolicy of his measures . . . 174
PAGE
Baliol dismembers the kingdom of Scot
land, surrenders its liberties, and
swears homage to Edward . . . 174
Disputes break out between Baliol and
the disinherited barons . . . 175
Sir Andrew Moray returns from capti
vity—he is joined by Alexander de
Mowbray, and resumes warlike opera
tions against Baliol—Talbot is taken
prisoner......175
Henry de Beaumont besieged in Dun-
darg castle by Moray and Mowbray—
capitulates, and retires to England . 175
Robert, the Steward of Scotland, escapes
from Bute, where he had concealed
himself, to Dumbarton . . . 176
He is joined by Colin Campbell of Lochow,
and storms the castle of Dunoon . 176
The castle of Bute is taken by the Bran-
danes of Bute.....176
William de Carruthers, who had taken
refuge in Annandale, joins the Steward 176
Randolph, earl of Moray, returns from
France, and begins to act against the
English......176
The Steward and the Earl of Moray are
chosen Regents.....176
They attack the Earl of Athole, and com
pel him to surrender .... 177
Edward III. invades Scotland in the
middle of winter.....177
Baliol again accompanies him . . 177
Siege of Lochleven castle by the English 177
Parliament held at Dairsay by the friends
of David Bruce.....177
Breaks up in confusion, owing to the
ambition of the Earl of Athole . . 178
The English king invades Scotland at
the head of a large army . . , 178
His fleet anchors in the Firth of Forth . 178
Encounter between the Earls of Moray
and March and the Earl of Namur . 178
Capture of the Earl of Moray . . 179
The English king and Edward Baliol
march from Perth through the north
ern provinces.....179
The Earl of Athole joins the English . 179
Is made Governor.....179
Attacked by Sir Andrew Moray, and
slain at Kilblene.....180
Sir Andrew Moray chosen Regent . . 180
Edward III. again invades Scotland . 180
Finds it impossible to bring Moray to a
battle.......180
Edward raises the siege of the castle of
Lochendorb......181
Wastes the province of Moray . . 181
Repairs the fortresses of the kingdom,
and returns to England . . . 181
Sir Andrew Moray recovers the castles of
Dunotter, Kinclevin, and Laurieston 181
Recovers the greater part of the kingdom 181
Famine in Scotland . 181
Exertions of the French king in favour
of the Scots.....182
Edward is occupied by his schemes of
French conquest.....182
His exertions in the Scottish war grow
languid......182
Makes overtures of peace, which are re
fused by the Scots . . . .182
CONTENTS. xi
PAGE
Edward makes his public claim to the
crown of France..... 182
Leaves an army in Scotland under Baliol
and the Earl of Salisbury . . .182
Salisbury lays siege to the castle of Dun-
bar ....... 182
Famous defence of this fortress by Black
Agnes of Dunbar .... 182
Salisbury is compelled to raise the siege 183
Jousts between the English and Scottish
knights...... 183
War is resumed..... 184
Sir Alexander Ramsay’s exploits against
the English...... 184
Death of the Regent, Sir Andrew Moray 184
Mission of the Knight of Liddesdale to
France...... 185
Siege of Perth, and arrival of the French
auxiliaries...... 185
Defection of Bullock . . . .185
Surrender of Perth to the Steward . 186
Dreadful state of the country . . 186
Siege of Stirling..... 186
Edinburgh castle taken by the Scots
under the Knight of Liddesdale . 187
Return of David II. to his kingdom . 187
Character of the king, and state of the
country...... 188
Roxburgh castle taken by Sir Alexander
Ramsay...... 188
Ramsay assassinated by the Knight of
Liddesdale...... 188
Miserable death of William Bullock, the
Chancellor . . . . . .189
Two years’ truce..... 189
Treachery of the Knight of Liddesdale . 189
Hostilities recommence with great fury 190
David assembles his army at Perth . 190
Invades England in person . . . 190
Storms the castle of Liddel . . . 190
Advances to Hexham, and encamps at
Beaurepair...... 191
Disposition of his army .... 191
Battle of Durham..... 191
Disastrous defeat of the Scots . . 192
The Scottish king is taken prisoner . 192
Carried to the Tower . . . .192
Consequences of the battle of Durham . 193
Edward Baliol invades and ravages Scot
land ....... 193
Mysterious interference of Prince Lionel
in the affairs of Scotland . . .193
The High Steward is elected Regent . 193
CHAP. VI.
DAVID THE SECOND.
1346-1370.
Policy of Edward III. Avith regard to
Scotland......194
Execution of the Earl of Menteith . 194
William, earl of Douglas, returns from
France......194
Continued truces between Scotland and
England......194
David revisits his dominions upon his
parole . • 195
Pestilence in Scotland . . . .195
PAGE
David’s mysterious intrigues with Ed
ward III....... 195
Consents to recognise the King of Eng
land as his Lord Paramount . . 195
Treachery of the Knight of Liddesdale . 195
David is forced to return to his captivity 195
Murder of the Knight of Liddesdale . 196
Negotiations for David’s ransom . . 196
Arrival of the Sieur de Garencieres from
France...... 197
The negotiations for the king’s ransom
unsuccessful..... 197
The English break the truce . . .197
Action of Nesbit Moor . . . .197
Berwick taken by the Scots . . . 198
Edward III. invades Scotland at the
head of a great army .... 198
Berwick is taken..... 198
Baliol, at Roxburgh, surrenders the king
dom to Edward..... 199
Measures adopted by the Scots . . 199
Splendour and strength of the English
army....... 200
The Earl of Douglas’s able conduct . 200
Edward advances through Scotland, and
destroys the country by fire and sword 200
His fleet is dispersed, and he is com
pelled to retreat..... 201
Resumes negotiations for peace . . 201
David’s ransom is settled . . . 201
The Steward calls a parliament . . 202
Final negotiation with regard to the
king’s liberty..... 202
Reflections on the state of the country . 203
David returns to Scotland . . . 203
Calls a parliament..... 203
Its important provisions . . 203-204
Edward III. changes his policy with re
spect to Scotland .... 205
His intrigues with the Scottish nobles . 205
He favours the Scottish merchants . 205
Passion amongst the Scots for foreign
adventure...... 206
David pays the first instalment of his
ransom...... 206
Opens a negotiation with France . . 207
Edward prevails on some of the Scottish
barons to accompany him in his in
vasion of France .... 207
Treaty of Bretigny..... 207
France renounces her alliance with the
Scots....... 207
Scotland visited by great inundations
and the pestilence .... 207
Murder of Catherine Mortimer, the king’s
mistress...... 208
Secret negotiation with England . . 208
Commercial prosperity of Scotland . 209
Scottish students flock to England . 209
Unsuccessful negotiation for a final
peace with England .... 210
Death of Joanna, the Scottish queen . 210
Scottish parliament at Scone — David
proposes to the Scottish Estates, that
Prince Lionel should succeed him in
the throne...... 210
Indignant refusal of the parliament . 211
Renewed negotiation for a peace . . 211
The Steward and his party rise against
David....... 212
Unusual energy of the king . . .212
xii CONTENTS.
PAGE
The two parties compose their differences 212
The Steward renews his fealty . . 213
David’s marriage with Margaret Logy . 213
He throws the Steward into prison . 213
David again engages in a secret treaty
with England.....214
Its terms and conditions . . 214-215
Sir Henry Picard’s feast . . . 216
Parliament at Perth .... 216
Its deliberations .... 216-217
Negotiation between the English and
Scottish commissioners . ...... . 218
Heads of a new treaty of peace . . 218
Truce prorogued for four years . . 219
Parliament at Perth . . . .219
Its resolutions.....219
State of the country .... 219
Edward’s artful policy ... - 220
His success in neutralising the spirit of
opposition......220
His actual possessions in Scotland . 220
He increases in his demands . . 221
Great exertions made by the Scots . 221
Parliament convoked at Scone . . 221
Its deliberations and resolutions . , 222
Rebellion in the north . . . . 223
Sumptuary laws.....223
Feuds amongst the Scottish nobles . 223
Their contempt for the laws . . . 223
Desert their country to engage in for
eign wars......224
Serious defalcation in the revenue of
the crown......224
Attempt of the Parliament to re-establish
it........224
Regulations regarding the Scottish es
tates in the hands of the English . 225
Renewed abortive attempts at nego
tiation ......225
David and his queen visit England . 225
Extraordinary state of the relations be
tween the two countries . . . 225
Power of Edward over Scotland . . 226
Parliament held at Scone . . . 226
Account of its proceedings . . . 227
Provisions for the defence of the country 227
The truce is within a year of its expiry 227
Miserable state of Scotland . . . 227
Parliament make a last effort to pay the
ransom......227
Edward again breaks with France . 228
He is compelled to relax in his efforts
against Scotland .... 228
The truce is renewed for fourteen years 228
David undertakes an expedition in per
son against the northern rebels . . 228
Submission of John of the Isles . . 228
Parliament at Perth . . . .229
Innovation in the constitution of parlia
ment .......229
Extraordinary and unjust measures as
to the king’s debts . . . .229
Attempt to equalise the taxation . . 230
Regulations as to the administration of
justice.......230
Divorce of the queen .... 230
She carries her cause before the pope . 231
Death of David II.....231
Character of this prince .... 231
HISTORICAL INQUIRY INTO THE ANCIENT
STATE AND MANNERS OF SCOTLAND,
From the Accession of Alexander III. to the
Death of David II.
PAGE
Introductory Remarks . . .232
sect. i.—general appearance of the
COUNTRY.
Covered by extensive forests and marshes 233
Royal castles...... 235
Baronial castles..... 235
Their number and extent . . . 236
Cottages of the lower vassals around them 236
Villages situated on the large feudal
estates...... 236
Condition of these early villages . . 237
Monasteries and religious houses . . 237
Their great number and extensive pos
sessions ...... 238
Early agriculture..... 238
Royal manors..... 238
Feudal estates belonging to the nobles
and clergy...... 239
System of agriculture .... 239
Crops raised at this period . . . 240
Farm stocking—animals . . . 240
Breeding of horses .... 240
Flocks of sheep, cattle, swine, goats . 241
Attention to the dairy .... 241
Poultry not neglected .... 241
Fish in great abundance . . . 242
Attention paid to the fisheries . . 242
SECT. II.—DISTINCT RACES IN SCOTLAND.
Animosities between them . . . 243
Their marked differences under David I. 243
Normans, Gralwegians, Saxons . . 244
Norwegians...... 245
Blending of the Normans and Saxons . 245
Ranks under the feudal government in
Scotland...... 245
Power and consequence of the king . 245
Wealth of the royal revenue . . . 245
Sources of the royal revenue . . . 246
Personal state of the Scottish king . 247
Under Malcolm Canmore, Alexander L,
and Alexander III..... 247
Great officers of the crown . . . 248
Justiciar...... 248
His authority pre-eminent . • . 249
Of Norman origin..... 249
Chancellor...... 249
Early introduction of sheriffs . . 250
Greater barons had their sheriffs and
other officers..... 250
Power of holding their own court . . 250
The clergy the first who obtain this . 251
A superior baron a king in miniature . 251
An inquest the common mode of deter
mining disputes..... 252
Offices of constable, mareschal, senes
chal, and chamberlain . . . 252
Feudal system a barrier to improvement
in Scotland...... 253
State of the lower orders . . . 253
Liberi firmarii, or free farmers . . 253
Villeyns, or bondmen .... 253
The undoubted property of their master 253
CONTENTS. xiii
PAGE
Genealogies of slaves kept . . . 254
Mark of freemen..... 255
Manumission of slaves .... 255
Continuance of slavery .... 256
SECT. III.—ANCIENT PARLIAMENT OF SCOTLAND.
National council..... 256
No parliament under David I. nor Mal
colm IV....... 256
Nor under William the Lion . . 257
Traces of a parliament under this prince
fallacious .... . 257
No parliament under Alexander II. . 257
Proofs of this assertion .... 257
No parliament under Alexander III. . 258
First appearance of a parliament after
the death of this prince . . . 259
Non-attendance of burgesses . . 259
State of the parliament under John
Baliol....... 260
Community of burghs appear by their
representatives in 1305 . . . 260
No record of a parliament during the
war of liberty..... 261
Parliament in 1315 . . . .261
Heads of the community of burghs sit
in it....... 261
Parliament in 1326 . . . .261
Burghs certainly sent their representa
tives ....... 261
Edward Baliol’s parliament in 1333 . 262
Non-attendance of burghs . . . 262
Period of great confusion . . . 262
Clear light as to the constitution of the
Scottish parliament in 1357 . . 262
Unquestionable evidence of the repre
sentation of the burghs . . . 262
Earliest appearance of committees of par
liament . . . . .263
Conclusion of the subject . . . 264
SECT. IV.—EARLY COMMERCE AND NAVIGATION.
Symptoms of commercial wealth at an
early period..... 264
Commerce under David I. 264
Introduction of the Flemings into Scot
land ....... 265
Early attention to shipbuilding and navi
gation ....... 265
Flourishing state of the arts and manu
factures in the Hebrides . . . 266
Riches of the Lords of Galloway . . 266
Shipbuilders at Inverness in 1249 . . 266
Clergy led the way in commercial enter
prise ....... 266
Exports of Scotland at this period . . 267
Wealth of the country derived from
trade....... 267
Rise of the towns and burghs . . 268
Collections of houses round the castles . 268
These villæ become mercantile commu
nities ....... 268
Protected by the sovereign . . . 269
Settlement of the English in these in
fant towns...... 269
Earliest burghs in Scotland . . . 269
The king their exclusive proprietor . 269
Court of the Four Burghs . . .270
Burghs belonging to religious houses and
to the greater barons . . . .270
PAGE
Increase in the trade and manufactures
of Scotland...... 271
Great commercial wealth of Berwick . 271
Constitution and magistracy of the
burghs...... 272
Commerce of Scotland previous to the
competition for the crown . . . 272
Exports....... 272
Imports....... 273
Foreign trade under the reign of Bruce 273
Sources of national wealth at this period 274
Naval force of Scotland .... 274
Mode of fitting out a fleet the same in
both countries..... 275
Scottish privateers larger than the Eng
lish ....... 275
They greatly annoy the English com
merce ....... 276
Scottish commerce in 1348 . . . 276
Money of Scotland .... 276
Silver money of Alexander I. and David I. 277
Frequency of clipping in England and
Scotland...... 277
Depreciation of the money by Robert
Bruce....... 278
Same depreciation in England by Ed
ward III....... 278
Depreciation of the Scottish money in
1354....... 278
Proclamation against it by Edward III. 278
Further depreciation of the Scottish
money in 1366..... 279
Effects of this depreciation . . . 279
Early prices of labour and of the neces
saries of life..... 279
Prices of grain and provisions . . 280
Wages of labour..... 281
Price of luxuries . 282
Rent and value of land . . . .283
In 1281 land valued at ten years’ pur
chase ....... 284
SECT. V.—STATE OF THE EARLY SCOTTISH
CHURCH.
Religious instruction of the people ne
glected......284
Early relations with Rome . . . 284
Successful struggles against the en
croachments of the sees of York and
Canterbury......285
Contention with the Popedom . . 285
Firm character of William the Lion . 286
His opposition to Pope Alexander is suc
cessful ......286
High privileges conferred by Pope Lu
cius on the Scottish Church . . 286
Struggles of Alexander II. with the
Popedom......286
That monarch excommunicated . . 286
Pope Honorius permits the Scottish
clergy to hold a general council of
their own authority .... 287
They take advantage of this temporary
permission to establish a general right 287
The king refuses to admit a papal legate
into his dominions .... 287
State of the Church under Alexander III. 288
Learning of the Church . . .289
Character of the scholastic learning of
the time......289
xiv CONTENTS.
PAGE
Scholastic theology . . . .289
Scottish scholars of those times . . 289
Richard St Victor—Sacrobosco—Michael
Scott.......289
The nobles and the people completely
ignorant......290
Schools in the principal towns . . 291
In the monasteries and convents . . 291
Scottish college at Paris founded in 1325 291
Scholars educated abroad . . . 292
Monkish annalists .... 292
Barbour, the metrical historian . . 292
Thomas the Rhymer . . . .293
Romance of “Sir Tristrem” . . . 293
Language of the period .... 294
Formation of the Scoto-Saxon . . 294
Norman-French understood by the Scot
tish nobles......294
Style and language of “ Sir Tristrem” . 295
Other early Scottish poets and ro
mances ......295
Hucheon of the Awle Ryall . . .295
Wandering minstrels .... 296
Harp, tabor, and the horn, used in Scot
land .......297
Minstrels in the time of Alexander III. 297
Robert Bruce kept his minstrels . . 297
Scottish ballad on the battle of Bannock-
burn .......298
Enmity between the minstrels and the
clergy.......298
Music of this period, and musical in
struments ......299
Organs under Alexander III. . . 299
Church music of the period . . . 300
The clergy great encouragers and prac-
tisers of the useful and ornamental
arts.......300
Clergy the principal architects of the age 300
State of architecture .... 300
Early Saxon fortresses .... 301
Scoto-Norman castles .... 301
A description of their general construc
tion ........302
Caerlaverock in 1300 . . . .302
Most other castles similar to it . . 302
Great skill of the Norman architects . 302
Disposition of the apartments in the
castles.......303
Randolph’s hall at Darnaway . . 303
Outer fortifications of the castle . . 304
Apartments of wood .... 304
Bedford castle, as described by Camdeu 304
Houses within burgh built of wood . 305
Monasteries, cathedrals, and religious
houses.......305
Gothic architecture .... 305
Ingenious hypothesis of Sir James Hall 306
Our earliest Norman architects in
structed by Italians .... 306
Ancient wooden churches . . . 306
First introduction of the ribbed ceiling
in stone......306
Teutonic style.....307
Travelling corporations of Roman archi
tects .......307
Sir Christopher Wren’s description of
them.......307
Introduction of the Gothic architecture
into Scotland in the beginning of the
twelfth century.....307
SECT. VI.—SPORTS AND AMUSEMENTS OF
ANCIENT SCOTLAND.
PAGE
Hunting.......308
Its ancient laws in Scotland . . . 309
State of, under David I. and Alexander
III........309
Hawking......309
Light thrown on hunting by the ro
mance of “ Sir Tristrem " . . . 310
Robert Bruce fond of hunting . . 310
Scottish stag-hounds .... 311
Hawks imported from Norway . . 311
Amusements within doors . . . 311
Splendour of banquets .... 311
Early appearance of chivalry in Scot
land .......312
Faint traces of it under Duncan and
Alexander 1......313
Its subsequent progress under William
the Lion......313
The Crusades.....314
Tournaments......314
Chivalry under Robert Bruce . . 314
Contrast between the chivalrous charac
ter of Bruce and Edward III. . . 315
Sternness of Bruce in enforcing military
discipline......315
Arms and dress of this period . . 315
Arms and dress of the Celtic tribes under
David I.......315
Arms and dress of the Scoto-Saxons . 316
Changes introduced by the Normans . 317
Arms of the Scoto-Normans . . . 318
Body-armour......318
Horse-armour.....319
Arms of the lower classes . . . 319
Battle-axe, iron mace, short daggers,
used by the Scottish knights . . 320
Armour of David earl of Huntingdon . 320
Shield used by the Scottish knights . 321
Friendship between William the Lion
and Richard 1......321
Its effects......321
Armour of Alexander I. ... 321
Similarity in the arms and military cos
tume of both countries, under subse
quent kiDgs.....321
Science of war the same in both . , 321
Attack and defence of fortified places . 322
Inferiority of the Scots in the use of the
bow.......323
It never became a national weapon as
in England......323
Assize of arms by Robert Bruce in 1319 323
Civil dress of the times .... 323
Dress of kings and nobles . . . 323
Female costume, its great elegance . 323
Dress of the ladies in France, England,
and Scotland, the same . . . 324
Description of female dresses in the ro
mance of “ The Rose " 324
Picturesque effect of the dress of the
times.......324
Useful and ornamental arts . . . 325
CONTENTS. xv
CHAP. VII.
ROBERT THE SECOND.
1370-1390.
PAGE
Accession of Robert the Second . . 326
Unexpected opposition by the Earl of
Douglas......326
Obscurity of the motives which guided
him.......327
Spirited conduct of Sir Robert Erskine,
and the Earls of March and Moray . 327
Douglas renounces his opposition . . 327
Coronation of the king .... 327
Indolent character of the new monarch 328
Situation of the country . . . 328
Condition of England . . . .329
Scotland enters into a new treaty with
France......329
Symptoms of hostility on the part of
England......330
Parliament held at Scone, March 2,1371 330
Death of the Black Prince and of Ed
ward III.......331
Causes of animosity between the two
countries......331
The Earl of March sacks and burns the
town of Roxburgh .... 331
The Borderers fly to arms . . . 332
Warden raid by Hotspur . . . 332
Singular dispersion of the English army 332
Mercer, a Scottish naval adventurer, in
fests the English shipping , . . 332
The fleet consists of Scottish, French,
and Spanish privateers . . . 333
Mercer is taken by Philpot, a London
merchant......333
Observations on the mutual situation of
the two countries .... 333
Perpetual infringements of the truce . 333
Berwick taken by Sir Alexander Ramsay 333
Retaken by the Earl of Northumberland 334
Conflict between Sir Archibald Douglas
and Sir Thomas Musgrave, . . 334
Invasion of Scotland by John of Gaunt 334
Cessation of hostilities .... 334
Insurrection of Tyler, during which the
Duke of Lancaster finds a retreat in
Scotland......335
New treaty with France . . . 335
Truce with England expires, and war
recommences.....335
John of Gaunt again invades Scotland . 335
He advances to Edinburgh . . . 335
Truce between France and England noti
fied in Scotland.....336
A party of French knights arrive in
Scotland, and Lancaster retreats to
England......336
The king desirous for peace, but the
nobles determine to continue the war 336
They break the truce and invade Eng
land .......336
Parliament meets at Edinburgh . . 336
Its various provisions .... 337
Expedition of John de Vienne, admiral
of France, into Scotland . . . 338
The French determine to attack England
at the same time by sea . . . 338
Vienne’s fleet arrives in Scotland . . 338
PAGE
Difficulty of finding them quarters—dis
content of the Scots . . . .339
Scottish peasantry rise against them . 339
Scottish king arrives at Edinburgh . 339
He is anxious for peace, but is over
ruled .......339
An army of thirty thousand horse as
sembled near Edinburgh . . . 339
Council of war, and regulations for the
conduct of the army .... 339
Commencement of the campaign . . 340
King of England assembles a great army 340
Tactics of the Scots and French . . 341
Disadvantages under which the English
made war in Scotland .... 341
Discontent of the French in not being
allowed to fight.....341
Anecdote of Vienne and Douglas . . 341
Richard II. pushes on to the capital . 341
Devastations committed by the English 341
Edinburgh burnt.....341
Dreadful distress of the army . . 341
Richard compelled to retreat . . 342
Scots and French break into England by
the western marches, and ravage Cum
berland ......342
Return to Scotland . . . .342
Discontent of the Scots, who refuse to
furnish transports for the French . 342
Miserable condition of the army of
Vienne......342
The French admiral at length obliges
himself to pay all damages, and his
knights are allowed to return . . 342
Reflections upon the expedition . . 343
Continuation of the war, and invasion of
England......343
Scottish descent upon Ireland . . 344
Character of Sir William Douglas . , 344
He assaults and plunders Carlingford,
and ravages the Isle of Man . . 344
Lands at Lochryan, and joins his father
and the Earl of Fife in the west of
England......344
Great invasion of England determined
on in a parliament held at Edin
burgh ......345
Description of the army . . . 345
Plan of the campaign .... 345
Army separates into two divisions . 345
Second division, under the Earl of Doug
las, pushes on to Durham . . . 346
Hotspur and the barons of Northumber
land assemble their power, and oc
cupy Newcastle.....346
The Scots present themselves before
the town......346
Skirmish between the knights, in which
Douglas wins the pennon of Hotspur 346
Defiance of Hotspur .... 346
The Scots are suffered to continue their
retreat.......346
Encamp in Redesdale, near Otterburn . 346
Douglas prevails on the Scottish barons
to interrupt their retreat, and assault
the castle of Otterburn . . .346
His judicious choice of the ground . 347
Hotspur pursues Douglas at the head of
eight thousand foot and six hundred
lances....... 347
Battle of Otterburn . 347
xvi CONTENTS.
PAGE
Death of Douglas..... 348
English totally defeated — captivity of
Hotspur...... 348
Reflections upon the battle . . . 348
Causes of the defeat of the English . 348
Distinguished prisoners .... 349
No important consequences result from
this defeat...... 349
State of Scotland—age and infirmities of
the king...... 350
PAGE
The Earl of Fife chosen regent—his
character...... 350
His injudicious administration . . 350
Three years’ truce..... 350
Death of Robert the Second . . . 350
His character ... . 350
Commerce of Scotland . . , 351
Notes and Illustrations . . .352
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